Ethereum 2026: Glamsterdam & Heze‑Bogota — L1 dey scale reach 10k TPS, big gas increases and stronger censorship resistance

Ethereum get two big hard forks wey dem plan for 2026 — Glamsterdam (middle 2026) and Heze‑Bogota (late 2026) — wey dey target big Layer‑1 scaling, more Layer‑2 capacity, wider zero‑knowledge (ZK) verifier adoption and stronger on‑chain censorship resistance. Glamsterdam go bring Block Access Lists (EIP‑7928) make e possible for parallel transaction execution across CPU cores and ePBS (enshrined proposer‑builder separation) to put MEV mitigation inside consensus and open validator‑level ZK verification. Dem changes fit make dem increase gas limit step by step (now ~60M gas per block → ~100M in H1 2026 → ~200M or more later 2026, some estimate even ~300M), increase per‑block blob capacity (maybe 72+ blobs) and extend time window for making and verifying ZK proofs. Researchers talk say about 10% validators fit verify ZK proofs instead of replay full execution, wey go free more gas headroom. Heze‑Bogota go focus on censorship resistance (like Fork‑Choice Inclusion Lists/FOCIL) so validator groups fit ensure inclusion of particular transactions when some subset of nodes remain honest. Secondary developments include better L2 UX (example: ZKsync’s Elastic Network / Atlas wey store funds on‑chain while allow fast L2 activity) and proposals for an Ethereum Interoperability Layer to make L2 cross‑chain ops easier. For traders: these protocol upgrades fit raise on‑chain capacity, reduce L2 congestion, change MEV dynamics and press fee volatility — things wey fit shift liquidity, on‑chain flows and Layer‑2 token activity. Watch gas limit changes, ePBS adoption, validator ZK verification uptake and on‑chain fee metrics for near‑term trading signals.